AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Substitution mutations occur due to a substitution of a base pair from a different base pair, while insertion mutations occur due to the addition of extra nucleotides into a DNA sequence and deletion mutations occur due to the removing of one or more nucleotides from a DNA sequence.

Detailed explanation-2: -Mutations can result from errors in DNA replication during cell division, exposure to mutagens or a viral infection. Germline mutations (that occur in eggs and sperm) can be passed on to offspring, while somatic mutations (that occur in body cells) are not passed on.

Detailed explanation-3: -A frameshift mutation is a genetic mutation caused by a deletion or insertion in a DNA sequence that shifts the way the sequence is read. A DNA sequence is a chain of many smaller molecules called nucleotides.

Detailed explanation-4: -Answer and Explanation: The correct answer to this question is B. They always cause a change to an organism’s genotype. Regardless of the cause of the change, a DNA sequence is always altered when it mutates.