AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Frameshift Mutation If a mutation disrupts this normal reading frame, then the entire gene sequence following the mutation will be incorrectly read. This can result in the addition of the wrong amino acids to the protein and/or the creation of a codon that stops the protein from growing longer.

Detailed explanation-2: -Large-scale mutations may be further classified as follows: (1) amplifications (or gene duplications), (2) deletions of large chromosomal regions, and (3) chromosomal inversions. Amplifications are mutations where there are multiple copies of chromosomal regions.

Detailed explanation-3: -Chromosome mutations affect large segments of DNA containing many genes. There are four different types of chromosomal mutations: Deletions, Translocations, Duplications and Inversions (pictured below).

Detailed explanation-4: -At the short end of the spectrum, indels of one or two base pairs within coding sequences have the greatest effect, because they will inevitably cause a frameshift (only the addition of one or more three-base-pair codons will keep a protein approximately intact).