AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Because an insertion or deletion results in a frame-shift that changes the reading of subsequent codons and, therefore, alters the entire amino acid sequence that follows the mutation, insertions and deletions are usually more harmful than a substitution in which only a single amino acid is altered.

Detailed explanation-2: -Frameshift mutations arise when the normal sequence of codons is disrupted by the insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotides, provided that the number of nucleotides added or removed is not a multiple of three.

Detailed explanation-3: -Frameshift Mutation If a mutation disrupts this normal reading frame, then the entire gene sequence following the mutation will be incorrectly read. This can result in the addition of the wrong amino acids to the protein and/or the creation of a codon that stops the protein from growing longer.

Detailed explanation-4: -Non-sense mutations create a stop codon, which can prevent the protein from being produced entirely, while missense mutations result in the substitution of one amino acid for another.

Detailed explanation-5: -Crohn’s disease, cystic fibrosis, and certain types of cancer are due to frameshift mutations.