AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -A pedigree chart displays a family tree, and shows the members of the family who are affected by a genetic trait.

Detailed explanation-2: -A pedigree shows relationships between family members and indicates which individuals have certain genetic pathogenic variants, traits, and diseases within a family as well as vital status. A pedigree can be used to determine disease inheritance patterns within a family.

Detailed explanation-3: -Draw any siblings in birth order from left (oldest) to right (youngest). Siblings are connected by a horizontal line above the symbols, with vertical lines connecting the symbols to the horizontal line. Leave space to add any partners and children. Add aunts, uncles, grandparents in the same manner.

Detailed explanation-4: -In a pedigree, a circle represents a female, and a square represents a male. A filled-in circle or square shows that the individual has the trait being studied. The horizontal line that connects a circle and a square represents a marriage.

Detailed explanation-5: -Sibling Line: Horizontal line above the offspring and connected by vertical lines. Example: brother and sister siblings. Dizygotic Twins (non-identical) : Indicated by two diagonal vertical lines originating from the same point.