AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Mating is shown by a horizontal line (marriage line) connecting a male symbol and a female symbol; offspring symbols are connected in a row (sibship line) beneath the mated pair. The offspring symbols appear from left to right in the order of birth and are connected to the marriage line by a vertical line.

Detailed explanation-2: -A horizontal line connecting a male and female represents a marriage. A vertical line and a bracket connect the parents to their children. A half-shaded circle or square indicates that a person is a carrier of the trait. A completely shaded circle or square indicates that a person expresses the trait.

Detailed explanation-3: -To indicate partners/marriage draw a horizontal line connecting the two symbols (see below). If the individuals are consanguineous (i.e. related) indicate consanguinity with a double horizontal line.

Detailed explanation-4: -In pedigree analysis a square joined with a circle by a single line means marriage whereas a square joined by two lines with a circle means mating between relatives (consanguineous marriage).

Detailed explanation-5: -In a pedigree, a circle represents a female, and a square represents a male. A filled-in circle or square shows that the individual has the trait being studied. The horizontal line that connects a circle and a square represents a marriage.