AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Offspring Line: Vertical line from the center of the mating line to the center of the offspring symbol or to the sibling line. Children from a previous partner (stepchildren).

Detailed explanation-2: -A square represents a male. A horizontal line connecting a male and female represents a marriage. A vertical line and a bracket connect the parents to their children. A half-shaded circle or square indicates that a person is a carrier of the trait.

Detailed explanation-3: -Mating is shown by a horizontal line (marriage line) connecting a male symbol and a female symbol; offspring symbols are connected in a row (sibship line) beneath the mated pair. The offspring symbols appear from left to right in the order of birth and are connected to the marriage line by a vertical line.

Detailed explanation-4: -Relationships in a pedigree are shown as a series of lines. Parents are connected by a horizontal line and a vertical line leads to their offspring. The offspring are connected by a horizontal sibship line and listed in birth order from left to right.

Detailed explanation-5: -What do Vertical Lines represent? They connect the parents to their offspring.