AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -A half-filled circle shows a heterozygous female for the disease allele or alleles and a half-filled square indicates a heterozygous male for the trait. These heterozygous individuals are known as carriers of the particular disease allele or trait.

Detailed explanation-2: -A half-shaded circle or square indicates that a person is a carrier of the trait. A completely shaded circle or square indicates that a person expresses the trait. A circle or square that is not shaded indicates that a person neither expresses the trait nor is a carrier of the trait.

Detailed explanation-3: -However, as this trait is common in the X chromosome, colour blindness commonly occurs in males. However, females can also be affected if they inherit the X chromosome with colour blindness from the affected mother or father. A shaded dot or half-shaded symbol represents the carrying of any defective traits.

Detailed explanation-4: -Shaded symbols mean an individual is affected by a condition, while an unshaded symbol means they are unaffected. A horizontal line between man and woman represents mating and resulting children are shown as offshoots to this line.

Detailed explanation-5: -What do half colored symbols represent? The individual is a carrier. The individual expresses the trait. The individual has both recessive alleles.