AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -In pedigree analysis, normal male and normal females are represented by “square” and “circle” respectively. The affected male and affected females are represented by “shaded square” and “shaded circle” respectively.

Detailed explanation-2: -In this family pedigree, black squares indicate the presence of a particular trait in a male, and white squares represent males without the trait. White circles are females. A trait in one generation.

Detailed explanation-3: -A half-shaded circle or square indicates that a person is a carrier of the trait. A completely shaded circle or square indicates that a person expresses the trait. A circle or square that is not shaded indicates that a person neither expresses the trait nor is a carrier of the trait. death of the individual.

Detailed explanation-4: -Circles in the pedigree represent females and squares represent males.

Detailed explanation-5: -In the pedigree chart, a male and a female are represented with a square and a circle respectively. An affected female is represented by a completely shaded circle. Q.