AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Shading of the circle or square indicates an individual who has the trait being traced. In this pedigree, the inheritance of the recessive trait is being traced. A is the dominant allele, and a is the recessive allele.

Detailed explanation-2: -A half-shaded circle or square indicates that a person is a carrier of the trait. A completely shaded circle or square indicates that a person expresses the trait. A circle or square that is not shaded indicates that a person neither expresses the trait nor is a carrier of the trait. death of the individual.

Detailed explanation-3: -An individual in the pedigree will be affected (express the phenotype associated with a trait) when the individual carries at least one dominant allele of a dominant trait, or two recessive alleles of a recessive a trait. generations are not carriers.

Detailed explanation-4: -In pedigree analysis, normal male and normal females are represented by “square” and “circle” respectively. The affected male and affected females are represented by “shaded square” and “shaded circle” respectively.

Detailed explanation-5: -A pedigree shows relationships between family members and indicates which individuals have certain genetic pathogenic variants, traits, and diseases within a family as well as vital status. A pedigree can be used to determine disease inheritance patterns within a family.