AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -A male is represented by a square or the symbol ♂, a female by a circle or the symbol ♀. Mating is shown by a horizontal line (marriage line) connecting a male symbol and a female symbol; offspring symbols are connected in a row (sibship line) beneath the mated pair.

Detailed explanation-2: -Square shapes represent males; circles represent females. Filled-in shapes are individuals that have whatever trait is being shown in the pedigree.

Detailed explanation-3: -the relationships within a family, helps geneticists do so. A circle represents a female. A square represents a male. A horizontal line connecting a male and female represents a marriage.

Detailed explanation-4: -In Western cultures, squares are commonly used to symbolize males, and circles are used to symbolize females.