AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -In human pedigree analysis, full shaded symbols represent the affected individuals while the half shaded stands for carriers. Square shape stands for male individual while the circle stands for females. The unidentified sex is represented by diamond shape.

Detailed explanation-2: -A half-shaded circle or square indicates that a person is a carrier of the trait. A completely shaded circle or square indicates that a person expresses the trait. A circle or square that is not shaded indicates that a person neither expresses the trait nor is a carrier of the trait.

Detailed explanation-3: -The pedigree chart uses standard symbols for representing data. In the pedigree chart, a male and a female are represented with a square and a circle respectively. An affected female is represented by a completely shaded circle.

Detailed explanation-4: -For example: A half-shaded circle or square represents that a person is a carrier of the trait in question. A completely shaded circle or square shows a person who expresses the trait. A non-shaded circle or square represents a person who is not expressed or carrier of the trait.

Detailed explanation-5: -In a pedigree, a circle represents a female, and a square represents a male. A filled-in circle or square shows that the individual has the trait being studied. The horizontal line that connects a circle and a square represents a marriage.