AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -In this family pedigree, black squares indicate the presence of a particular trait in a male, and white squares represent males without the trait. White circles are females. A trait in one generation.

Detailed explanation-2: -A male is represented by a square or the symbol ♂, a female by a circle or the symbol ♀. Mating is shown by a horizontal line (marriage line) connecting a male symbol and a female symbol; offspring symbols are connected in a row (sibship line) beneath the mated pair.

Detailed explanation-3: -Square shapes represent males; circles represent females. Filled-in shapes are individuals that have whatever trait is being shown in the pedigree. Two individuals connected together with a horizontal line between them are the parents of the individuals that are connected by vertical lines below them.

Detailed explanation-4: -A circle represents a female. A square represents a male. A horizontal line connecting a male and female represents a marriage. A vertical line and a bracket connect the parents to their children.

Detailed explanation-5: -Circles represent females and squares represent males. Each individual is represented by: – a Roman Numeral, which stands for the generation in the family, – a Digit, which stands for the individual within the generation.