AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Circles in the pedigree represent females and squares represent males.

Detailed explanation-2: -A male is represented by a square or the symbol ♂, a female by a circle or the symbol ♀. Mating is shown by a horizontal line (marriage line) connecting a male symbol and a female symbol; offspring symbols are connected in a row (sibship line) beneath the mated pair.

Detailed explanation-3: -In a pedigree, a circle represents a female, and a square represents a male. A filled-in circle or square shows that the individual has the trait being studied. The horizontal line that connects a circle and a square represents a marriage.

Detailed explanation-4: -A circle represents a female. A square represents a male. A horizontal line connecting a male and female represents a marriage. A vertical line and a bracket connect the parents to their children.

Detailed explanation-5: -Circles represent females and squares represent males. Each individual is represented by: – a Roman Numeral, which stands for the generation in the family, – a Digit, which stands for the individual within the generation.