AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Sickle cell anemia is one of a group of inherited disorders known as sickle cell disease. It affects the shape of red blood cells, which carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Red blood cells are usually round and flexible, so they move easily through blood vessels.

Detailed explanation-2: -Sickle cell disease is a group of disorders that affects hemoglobin, the molecule in red blood cells that delivers oxygen to cells throughout the body. People with this disease have atypical hemoglobin molecules called hemoglobin S, which can distort red blood cells into a sickle, or crescent, shape.

Detailed explanation-3: -HbSS. People who have this form of SCD inherit two genes, one from each parent, that code for hemoglobin “S.” Hemoglobin S is an abnormal form of hemoglobin that causes the red cells to become rigid, and sickle shaped. This is commonly called sickle cell anemia and is usually the most severe form of the disease.

Detailed explanation-4: -red cell membrane disorders (e.g. hereditary spherocytosis) hemoglobinopathies (e.g. sickle cell disease and thalassemia) hemolytic anemia. nutritional anemias (e.g. iron deficiency anemia, and folate deficiency)

Detailed explanation-5: -Normally, red blood cells are disc-shaped and flexible enough to move easily through the blood vessels. If you have sickle cell disease, your red blood cells are crescent-or “sickle”-shaped. These cells do not bend or move easily and can block blood flow to the rest of your body.