AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -You may not always be able to determine the genotype of an individual based on a pedigree. Sometimes an individual can either be homozygous dominant or heterozygous for a trait. Often, we can use the relationships between an individual and their parents, siblings, and offspring to determine genotypes.

Detailed explanation-2: -A Punnett Square is a helpful tool that helps to predict the variations and probabilities that can come from cross breeding. This includes predicting crossing plants, animals, even humans with each other.

Detailed explanation-3: -Pedigrees and Punnett squares can be used to determine the genotype of individuals. Pedigrees allow individuals to visualize patterns of inheritance throughout their family history, while Punnett squares provide information about offsprings.