AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -By transferring electrons from NADH and FADH2 through a series of complexes and electron carriers, these carriers ultimately produce ATP. The electron transport cycle generates around 30–32 ATP molecules, according to a recent study.

Detailed explanation-2: -The citric acid cycle produces 36 ATP molecules. So, in aerobic respiration, a total of 38 molecules of ATP are created, with 2 ATP molecules formed outside the mitochondria.

Detailed explanation-3: -The electron transport chain is the final step of cellular respiration where 34 ATP molecules are produced.

Detailed explanation-4: -During citric acid cycle, 36 ATP molecules are produced. So, all together there are 38 molecules of ATP produced in aerobic respiration and 2 ATP are formed outside the mitochondria.

Detailed explanation-5: -The electron transport chain produces 28 ATP molecules. Since 4 ATP molecules were produced earlier in the cellular respiration process, this means the whole process produces 32 ATP molecules. The electron transport chain is formed by four protein complexes arranged in descending order of energy.