AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane bound structure, down their electrochemical gradient. An important example is the formation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the movement of hydrogen ions (H+) across a membrane during cellular respiration or photosynthesis.

Detailed explanation-2: -Chemiosmosis in prokaryotic cells The hydrogen ions (protons) move across the biological membrane via the ATP synthase (a transport protein) when a proton gradient forms on the other side of the membrane.

Detailed explanation-3: -The H+ gradient (potential energy) is used by ATP synthase to make ATP. The movement of hydrogen ions down their gradient is called chemiosmosis.

Detailed explanation-4: -As in osmosis, chemiosmosis leads to a concentration gradient of the diffusing ion across the membrane. A concentration gradient is a form of potential energy that can do work. In many cells, a proton gradient provides the energy for the synthesis of ATP.

Detailed explanation-5: -The removal of protons from the matrix and deposition of protons in the intermembrane space creates a concentration difference of protons across the inner membrane. This is called the chemiosmotic gradient.