AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Alcoholic fermentation begins with the breakdown of sugars by yeasts to form pyruvate molecules, which is also known as glycolysis. Glycolysis of a glucose molecule produces two molecules of pyruvic acid. The two molecules of pyruvic acid are then reduced to two molecules of ethanol and 2CO2 (Huang et al., 2015).

Detailed explanation-2: -Yeasts have two pathways for ATP production from glucose, respiration, and fermentation. Both pathways start with glycolysis, which results in the production of two molecules of pyruvate and ATP per glucose. In fermentation, pyruvate is then turned into ethanol.

Detailed explanation-3: -Upon a strictly biochemical point of view, fermentation is a process of central metabolism in which an organism converts a carbohydrate, such as starch or sugar, into an alcohol or an acid. For example, yeast performs fermentation to obtain energy by converting sugar into alcohol.

Detailed explanation-4: -There are two types of fermentation, alcoholic and lactic acid. Fermentation follows glycolysis in the absence of oxygen. Alcoholic fermentation produces ethanol, carbon dioxide, and NAD+.

Detailed explanation-5: -Of all the lifeforms that obtain their energy from glycolysis, yeast cells are among the most basic. Under certain conditions the concentrations of the glycolytic intermediates in yeast cells can oscillate. Individual yeast cells in a suspension can synchronize their oscillations to get in phase with each other.