AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is a small, relatively simple molecule. It can be thought of as the main energy currency of cells, much as money is the main economic currency of human societies. The energy released by hydrolysis (breakdown) of ATP is used to power many energy-requiring cellular reactions.

Detailed explanation-2: -The enzyme that catalyzes the conversion reaction is called pyruvate dehydrogenase. ATP and NADH make this enzyme less active, while ADP makes it more active. So, more acetyl CoA is made when energy stores are low.

Detailed explanation-3: -The rate-determining enzymes for cellular respiration include phosphofructokinase-1, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and isocitrate dehydrogenase.

Detailed explanation-4: -During cellular respiration, a glucose molecule is gradually broken down into carbon dioxide and water. Along the way, some ATP is produced directly in the reactions that transform glucose.

Detailed explanation-5: -Cellular respiration is controlled by a variety of means. The entry of glucose into a cell is controlled by the transport proteins that aid glucose passage through the cell membrane. Most of the control of the respiration processes is accomplished through the control of specific enzymes in the pathways.