AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The net effect of these steps is to convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. The ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions are used to make sugars in the next stage of photosynthesis, the Calvin cycle.

Detailed explanation-2: -ATP and NADPH are used to convert the six molecules of 3-PGA into six molecules of a chemical called glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P). That is a reduction reaction because it involves the gain of electrons by 3-PGA. Recall that reduction is the gain of an electron by an atom or molecule.

Detailed explanation-3: -The Calvin cycle or light-independent reaction of photosynthesis happens in the stroma of the chloroplast. It has certain enzymes that work with NADPH and ATP. They form carbon-containing molecules (such as glucose molecules) from carbon dioxide.

Detailed explanation-4: -The Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma and uses the ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to fix carbon dioxide, producing three-carbon sugars-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, or G3P, molecules.

Detailed explanation-5: -Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create oxygen and energy in the form of sugar.