AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -During transcription, the enzyme RNA polymerase (green) uses DNA as a template to produce a pre-mRNA transcript (pink). The pre-mRNA is processed to form a mature mRNA molecule that can be translated to build the protein molecule (polypeptide) encoded by the original gene.

Detailed explanation-2: -The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology states that DNA makes RNA makes proteins (Figure 1). The process by which DNA is copied to RNA is called transcription, and that by which RNA is used to produce proteins is called translation.

Detailed explanation-3: -In order for a cell to manufacture these proteins, specific genes within its DNA must first be transcribed into molecules of mRNA; then, these transcripts must be translated into chains of amino acids, which later fold into fully functional proteins.

Detailed explanation-4: -The mRNA is then pulled through the ribosome; as its codons encounter the ribosome’s active site, the mRNA nucleotide sequence is translated into an amino acid sequence using the tRNAs as adaptors to add each amino acid in the correct sequence to the end of the growing polypeptide chain.

Detailed explanation-5: -Starting in the nucleus?, we see how the DNA code is converted to messenger RNA by the process of transcription?. We then follow the messenger RNA into the cytoplasm where it is bound by protein factories, called ribosomes?. The ribosomes read the messenger RNA to produce a chain of amino acids?.