AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -If those two hydrogen atoms are found on the same side of the bond, then we call that molecule the cis isomer. On the other hand, if the two hydrogen atoms are on opposing sides of the double bond, then we call that molecule the trans isomer.

Detailed explanation-2: -Cis–trans notation can be used to describe the configuration of a double bond with exactly two substituents and two hydrogens. If the two substituents are on the same side of the double bond, the configuration of the bond is cis.

Detailed explanation-3: -In the cis isomer, two “X” and “Y” groups lie on the same side of the double bond. In the trans isomer, “X” and “Y” groups lie on opposite sides of the double bond. They do not interconvert because rotation around the bond does not occur.

Detailed explanation-4: -In a cis fatty acid, the hydrogen atoms are on the same side of the double bond, which produces a link in the carbon chain. In a trans fatty acid, the hydrogen atoms are on opposite sides of the double bond, which gives a carbon chain without any kink.

Detailed explanation-5: -In cis-isomers, there is no plane of symmetry, hence it shows optical isomerism, as shown in Figure 46.