AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -In the fight-or-flight response, the adrenal glands release the hormone epinephrine, which serves as a signal within the body. Certain cells, including liver and muscle cells, can detect the signal, after which they process the signal and respond to it.

Detailed explanation-2: -The cAMP-PKA Signaling Pathway Regulates Pathogenicity, Hyphal Growth, Appressorial Formation, Conidiation, and Stress Tolerance in Colletotrichum higginsianum. Colletotrichum higginsianum is an economically important pathogen that causes anthracnose disease in a wide range of cruciferous crops.

Detailed explanation-3: -Some examples of signal transduction pathways include vision and touch and hormones.

Detailed explanation-4: -Protein kinase A (PKA) signaling, in “classic” endocrine cell functioning, is known to mediate cAMP effects, generated through adenylate cyclase as a response to the activation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs).