AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -As tRNAs enter slots in the ribosome and bind to codons, their amino acids are linked to the growing polypeptide chain in a chemical reaction. The end result is a polypeptide whose amino acid sequence mirrors the sequence of codons in the mRNA.

Detailed explanation-2: -Hence, the end result of translation is an amino acid sequence or a polypeptide.

Detailed explanation-3: -The end result of translation in protein synthesis is a newly made protein. During transcription, DNA is copied to messenger RNA (mRNA) in the nucleus. The mRNA is processed and exported to the cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm, translation can occur.

Detailed explanation-4: -Termination. One of the three stop codons enters the A site. No tRNA molecules bind to these codons, so the peptide and tRNA in the P site become hydrolysed, therefore releasing the polypeptide into the cytoplasm. The small and large subunits of the ribosome then dissociate, ready for the next round of translation.

Detailed explanation-5: -During translation, ribosomal subunits assemble together like a sandwich on the strand of mRNA, where they proceed to attract tRNA molecules tethered to amino acids (circles). A long chain of amino acids emerges as the ribosome decodes the mRNA sequence into a polypeptide, or a new protein.