AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Clathrin is an essential component in building small vesicles for uptake (endocytosis) and export (exocytosis ) of many molecules.

Detailed explanation-2: -Clathrin-coated vesicles have been implicated in several distinct intracellular transport steps. In particular, the internalisation of plasma membrane proteins by receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME) and the transport of lysosomal enzymes from the TGN [2-4].

Detailed explanation-3: -Receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME), also called clathrin-mediated endocytosis, is a process by which cells absorb metabolites, hormones, proteins – and in some cases viruses – by the inward budding of the plasma membrane (invagination).

Detailed explanation-4: -On the apical membrane of PTEC, various molecules are involved in the process of receptor-mediated endocytosis. Megalin, playing a central role in the process, cooperates with other membrane proteins such as the cubilin-amnionless complex (CUBAM), NHE3, and ClC5.

Detailed explanation-5: -CCVs participate in various cellular functions that are linked to vesicle formation and endocytosis. For instance, they are involved in the endocytosis of a wide variety of substances including nutrients, viruses, plasma membrane proteins and receptors, and extracellular ligands.