AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -In mitochondria, chemiosmosis translocates protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space, whereas in chloroplasts, chemiosmosis translocates protons from. the stroma to the photosystem II.

Detailed explanation-2: -In other words, mitochondria use chemiosmosis to transfer chemical energy from food molecules to ATP, whereas chloroplasts transform light energy into chemical energy in ATP.

Detailed explanation-3: -The protons flow back from intermembrane to the matrix in mitochondria, and from thylakoid to stroma in chloroplast through ATP synthase to drive the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate. Therefore, the adenosine triphosphate is produced within the matrix of mitochondria and within the stroma of chloroplast.

Detailed explanation-4: -Chemiosmosis involves the pumping of protons through special channels in the membranes of mitochondria from the inner to the outer compartment. The pumping establishes a proton (H+) gradient. After the gradient is established, protons diffuse down the gradient through a transport protein called ATP synthase.

Detailed explanation-5: -An electrochemical gradient is generated in chemiosmosis. It is used to drive ATP synthesis. During this process, hydrogen ions accumulate in the thylakoid membranes. Protons move from high to low concentration.