AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -In mitochondria, chemiosmosis translocates protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space, whereas in chloroplasts, chemiosmosis translocates protons from. the stroma to the photosystem II.

Detailed explanation-2: -The protons flow back from intermembrane to the matrix in mitochondria, and from thylakoid to stroma in chloroplast through ATP synthase to drive the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate. Therefore, the adenosine triphosphate is produced within the matrix of mitochondria and within the stroma of chloroplast.

Detailed explanation-3: -The electrons flow through the electron transport chain, causing protons to be pumped from the matrix to the intermembrane space.

Detailed explanation-4: -During the Krebs cycle, protons are extracted and are then pumped into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria against its concentration gradient. Releasing protons into the intermembrane space creates a gradient between the intermembrane space and the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Detailed explanation-5: -As the electrons transfer onto cytochrome complex IV, it immediately goes through another redox reaction. This creates a final proton pump, pumping 2 protons from the matrix through cytochrome complex IV, directly into the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion.