AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -ATP and NADPH are energy storage and electron carrier/donor molecule. Both ATP and NADPH are used in the next stage of photosynthesis. The chlorophyll molecule regains the lost electron from a water molecule through a process called photolysis, which releases dioxygen (O2) molecule.

Detailed explanation-2: -ATP and NADPH are produced on the stroma side of the thylakoid membrane, where they can be used by the Calvin cycle.

Detailed explanation-3: -NADPH and ATP molecules now store the energy from excited electrons – energy which was originally sunlight – in chemical bonds. Thus chloroplasts, with their orderly arrangement of pigments, enzymes, and electron transport chains, transform light energy into chemical energy.

Detailed explanation-4: -In photosynthesis, the role of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADPH (nicotinamide adenine diphosphate) is to carry the energy of the Calvin cycle that occurs in the absence of light. They are also called light-independent reactions.

Detailed explanation-5: -The overall function of light-dependent reactions is to convert solar energy into chemical energy in the form of NADPH and ATP. This chemical energy supports the light-independent reactions and fuels the assembly of sugar molecules.