AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -In a process called non-cyclic photophosphorylation (the “standard” form of the light-dependent reactions), electrons are removed from water and passed through PSII and PSI before ending up in NADPH. This process requires light to be absorbed twice, once in each photosystem, and it makes ATP .

Detailed explanation-2: -The light reactions use solar power to reduce NADP+ to NADPH by adding a pair of electrons along with an H+. The light reactions also generate ATP, using chemiosmosis to power the addition of a phosphate group to ADP, a process called photophosphorylation.

Detailed explanation-3: -ATP is also synthesized by the light-dependent reactions, via chemiosmosis.

Detailed explanation-4: -During light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, chemiosmosis is the process by which light energy is converted to chemical energy in the form of ATP to be used in dark reactions.

Detailed explanation-5: -The process of pumping protons across the membrane to generate the proton gradient is called chemiosmosis. Chemiosmosis is driven by the flow of electrons down the electron transport chain, a series of protein complexes in the membrane that forms an electron bucket brigade.