AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -By “passively”, it means that the ions will move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. This process is similar to osmosis where water molecules move passively. In the case of chemiosmosis, though, it involves the ions moving across the membrane; in osmosis, it is the water molecules.

Detailed explanation-2: -The process of pumping protons across the membrane to generate the proton gradient is called chemiosmosis. Chemiosmosis is driven by the flow of electrons down the electron transport chain, a series of protein complexes in the membrane that forms an electron bucket brigade.

Detailed explanation-3: -The chemiosmotic hypothesis Oxidative phosphorylation involves two processes-the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis-and occurs in mitochondria.

Detailed explanation-4: -Chemiosmosis involves the pumping of protons through special channels in the membranes of mitochondria from the inner to the outer compartment. The pumping establishes a proton (H+) gradient. After the gradient is established, protons diffuse down the gradient through a transport protein called ATP synthase.

Detailed explanation-5: -Chemiosmosis refers to the process of moving ions to the other side of a biological membrane. An electrochemical gradient is generated in chemiosmosis. It is used to drive ATP synthesis. During this process, hydrogen ions accumulate in the thylakoid membranes.