AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane bound structure, down their electrochemical gradient. An important example is the formation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the movement of hydrogen ions (H+) across a membrane during cellular respiration or photosynthesis.

Detailed explanation-2: -Chemiosmosis is when ions move by diffusion across a semi-permeable membrane, such as the membrane inside mitochondria. Ions are molecules with a net electric charge, such as Na+, Cl–, or specifically in chemiosmosis that generates energy, H+.

Detailed explanation-3: -Chemiosmosis is a process of movement of protons or hydrogen ions down the concentration gradient across the mitochondrial membrane. This movement of protons is coupled with the synthesis of ATP. It is the coupling of the electron transport chain with the generation of ATP.

Detailed explanation-4: -The movement of protons (H+) down a concentration gradient through ATP synthase occurs from the inter-membrane space of the mitochondria (where protons accumulate) to the mitochondria matrix, passing through ATP synthase located on the mitochondria’s inner membrane. Therefore, the correct answer is c.

Detailed explanation-5: -1: ATP Synthase: ATP synthase is a complex, molecular machine that uses a proton (H+) gradient to form ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi).