AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The carbon and oxygen required for this process are obtained from CO2, and the energy for carbon fixation is derived from the ATP and NADPH produced during the photosynthesis process. The conversion of CO2 to carbohydrate is called Calvin Cycle or C3 cycle and is named after Melvin Calvin who discovered it.

Detailed explanation-2: -The reactants are CO2, NADPH, and ATP.

Detailed explanation-3: -Overview of the Calvin cycle This process is fueled by, and dependent on, ATP and NADPH from the light reactions. Unlike the light reactions, which take place in the thylakoid membrane, the reactions of the Calvin cycle take place in the stroma (the inner space of chloroplasts).

Detailed explanation-4: -Some Calvin cycle reactions require ATP (adenosine triphosphate), a compound that functions in energy transfer, and NADPH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate), a source of hydrogen atoms for reduction reactions. ATP and NADPH are formed during light-energized reactions of photosynthesis.

Detailed explanation-5: -Carbon enters the Calvin cycle as CO2 and leaves as sugar. ATP is the energy source, while NADPH is the reducing agent that adds high-energy electrons to form sugar.