AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -– The thylakoid space has more Hydrogen than the stroma . H+ moves from a region of higher concentration (thylakoid space) to lower concentration (stroma) through an ATP synthase.

Detailed explanation-2: -The location within the chloroplast that has the highest concentration of protons is the thylakoid space or thylakoid lumen.

Detailed explanation-3: -The number of chloroplasts per cell varies from one, in unicellular algae, up to 100 in plants like Arabidopsis and wheat. The tissue below the epidermis, and closest to the top of the leaf has the highest concentration of chloroplasts and performs maximum photosynthesis.

Detailed explanation-4: -The concentration of protons can be nearly 1000 x higher inside the thylakoids than in the stroma during light reactions.

Detailed explanation-5: -Protons accumulate inside the lumen of thylakoids due to splitting of water. Water splitting complex is associated with PS-II and is located on the inner side of the thylakoid membrane (facing the lumen of thylakoids). It helps in splitting the water.