AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Carotenoids protect chlorophylls from overactivation and destruction by light. These yellow/orange pigments must be present to protect the green pigments.

Detailed explanation-2: -Chlorophyll A is the major pigment used in photosynthesis, but there are several types of chlorophyll and numerous other pigments that respond to light, including red, brown, and blue pigments. These other pigments may help channel light energy to chlorophyll A or protect the cell from photo-damage.

Detailed explanation-3: -In biology, a pigment is any coloured material found in a plant or animal cell. Pigments are what give colour to our skin, hair and eyes. They are also what colour plants. Pigments make things appear to be certain colours because they absorb and reflect different wavelengths of light.

Detailed explanation-4: -(i) Light energy is absorbed and transferred to chlorophyll for photosynthesis. (ii) To prevent photooxidation of the chlorophyll molecule.

Detailed explanation-5: -Other essential plant pigments include anthocyanins, betalains, carotenoids, porphyrins and much more. All these pigments stimulate the process of chemical reactions by reflecting the wavelengths.