AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -These reactions are also called the light-independent reactions because they are not directly driven by light. In the Calvin cycle, carbon atoms from CO2start text, C, O, end text, start subscript, 2, end subscript are fixed (incorporated into organic molecules) and used to build three-carbon sugars.

Detailed explanation-2: -The light independent process (also called dark reactions or the Calvin-Benson cycle) takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast. Carbon dioxide is modified by series of chemical reactions to form carbohydrates. The energy for these reactions comes from ATP and NADPH generated during the light dependent process.

Detailed explanation-3: -The Calvin cycle is the term used for the reactions of photosynthesis that use the energy stored by the light-dependent reactions to form glucose and other carbohydrate molecules.

Detailed explanation-4: -In plants, carbon dioxide (CO2) enters the chloroplast through the stomata and diffuses into the stroma of the chloroplast-the site of the Calvin cycle reactions where sugar is synthesized. The reactions are named after the scientist who discovered them, and reference the fact that the reactions function as a cycle.