AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The yellow and orange pigments in fall leaves are known as carotenoids.

Detailed explanation-2: -What are carotenoids? Carotenoids are pigments in plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. These pigments produce the bright yellow, red, and orange colors in plants, vegetables, and fruits. Carotenoids act as a type of antioxidant for humans.

Detailed explanation-3: -Carotenoids are essential pigments in photosynthetic organs along with chlorophylls. Carotenoids also act as photo-protectors, antioxidants, color attractants, and precursors of plant hormones in non-photosynthetic organs of plants.

Detailed explanation-4: -More complicated diagrams will be displayed to illustrate the structures of the three types of pigments that are present during the aging of leaves: chlorophylls, carotenoids, and anthocyanins.

Detailed explanation-5: -There are two main types of carotenoids. These are carotenes and xanthophylls. Carotenes include pigments like -carotene (beta-carotene) and lycopene. They all have the chemical formula C40H56.