AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -In the Calvin cycle, carbon atoms from CO2start text, C, O, end text, start subscript, 2, end subscript are fixed (incorporated into organic molecules) and used to build three-carbon sugars. This process is fueled by, and dependent on, ATP and NADPH from the light reactions.

Detailed explanation-2: -Stage 2: Reduction ATP and NADPH are used to convert the six molecules of 3-PGA into six molecules of a chemical called glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P). This is a reduction reaction because it involves the gain of electrons by 3-PGA.

Detailed explanation-3: -ADP, iP, and NADP are regenerated during the Calvin cycle, and they are required for the production of ATP and NADPH during the light reaction. Calvin cycle is required for light reactions; without it, ATP and NADPH cannot be produced. As a result, the two processes of photosynthesis are linked.

Detailed explanation-4: -The Calvin cycle, light-independent reactions, bio synthetic phase, dark reactions, or photosynthetic carbon reduction (PCR) cycle of photosynthesis is a series of chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and hydrogen-carrier compounds into glucose.