AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -This process is fueled by, and dependent on, ATP and NADPH from the light reactions. Unlike the light reactions, which take place in the thylakoid membrane, the reactions of the Calvin cycle take place in the stroma (the inner space of chloroplasts).

Detailed explanation-2: -The Calvin cycle is present in all photosynthetic eukaryotes and also many photosynthetic bacteria. In plants, these reactions occur in the stroma, the fluid-filled region of a chloroplast outside the thylakoid membranes.

Detailed explanation-3: -The light independent process (also called dark reactions or the Calvin-Benson cycle) takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast. Carbon dioxide is modified by series of chemical reactions to form carbohydrates.

Detailed explanation-4: -The second stage of photosynthesis occurs in a repeated set of biochemical reactions called the Calvin-Benson-Bassham or Calvin cycle, dark reactions, or the reductive pentose phosphate pathway (named after the cycle’s first substrate, a pentose phosphate).

Detailed explanation-5: -The Interworkings of the Calvin Cycle. In plants, carbon dioxide (CO2) enters the chloroplast through the stomata and diffuses into the stroma of the chloroplast-the site of the Calvin cycle reactions where sugar is synthesized.