AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Their stomata only open at night, when humidity tends to be higher and temperatures are cooler, both factors that reduce water loss from leaves.

Detailed explanation-2: -demonstrate that even in a phylogenetically-controlled analysis, C4 grasses have lower maximum stomatal conductance rates (gmax) than their C3 relatives.

Detailed explanation-3: -C4 plants-including maize, sugarcane, and sorghum-avoid photorespiration by using another enzyme called PEP during the first step of carbon fixation. This step takes place in the mesophyll cells that are located close to the stomata where carbon dioxide and oxygen enter the plant.

Detailed explanation-4: -If it is too hot or dry, plants often close their stomata to prevent water loss. This prevents CO2 from entering the leaf, as well as prevents O2 from exiting. Oxygen builds up inside the leaf and photorespiration happens instead of the Calvin cycle.