AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -C4 plants-including maize, sugarcane, and sorghum-avoid photorespiration by using another enzyme called PEP during the first step of carbon fixation. This step takes place in the mesophyll cells that are located close to the stomata where carbon dioxide and oxygen enter the plant.

Detailed explanation-2: -Corn, sorghum, and sugarcane belong to a special group of plants known as C4, so-called because they first fix CO2 into a four-carbon carbohydrate during photosynthesis. On average, C4 crops are 60 percent more productive than C3 crops.

Detailed explanation-3: -Corn, sugarcane and some shrubs are examples of plants that follow the C4 pathway.

Detailed explanation-4: -The advantage of C4 plants is that the carbon dioxide fixation and Calvin cycle take place in different parts of the leaf which minimizes photorespiration and efficiently fixes carbon dioxide. C4 plants are usually found in hot regions. Examples of C4 plants are corn, sorghum, and sugarcane.

Detailed explanation-5: -C4–plants are the type of plants that uses a specific photosynthetic mechanism (C4 photosynthesis) in order to avoid photorespiration. Example of this type of plants include maize, sugarcane, Sorghum, etc.