AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -ATP, ADP, NADP+ and NADPH are all uses as energy sources in the photosynthesis reaction. In the first step ADP is converted to ATP. NADPH serves as an electron donor. ADP and NADP+ move back from the Calvin cycle, restores in the thylakoid membrane, and participate in the light-dependent reaction.

Detailed explanation-2: -The Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma and uses the ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to fix carbon dioxide, producing three-carbon sugars-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, or G3P, molecules. The Calvin cycle converts ATP to ADP and Pi, and it converts NADPH to NADP+.

Detailed explanation-3: -NADP+ functions alongside many enzymes to provide energy to the many reactions in a cell. NADP+ is the used form of NADPH, and must be reduced with more electrons and a hydrogen. This is typically done during photosynthesis in plants, or as part of sugar digestion in animals.

Detailed explanation-4: -Excited electrons move along the electron transport chain and are ultimately used to reduce NADP+, producing NADPH. The energy from the electrons is used to pump protons into the thylakoid lumen. Protons move down their concentration gradient through ATP synthase, generating ATP.