AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Interior to the chloroplast’s inner membrane and surrounding the thylakoids is a fluid called the stroma. The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis take place within the stroma. It contains enzymes that work with ATP and NADPH to “fix” carbon from carbon dioxide into molecules that can be used to build glucose.

Detailed explanation-2: -The carbon-fixation pathway begins in the mesophyll cells, where carbon dioxide is converted into bicarbonate, which is then added to the three-carbon acid phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) by an enzyme called phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase.

Detailed explanation-3: -Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast, an organelle specific to plant cells. The light reactions of photosynthesis occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast. Electron carrier molecules are arranged in electron transport chains that produce ATP and NADPH, which temporarily store chemical energy.

Detailed explanation-4: -Carbon fixation occurs in plants via the Calvin cycle, which is a light-independent reaction that occurs in the stroma of thylakoids.