AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The mitochondrial double membrane is composed of two membranes. The inner membrane contains the matrix through which the process of cellular respiration occurs and ATP particles are synthesized. DNA of the mitochondria is also contained within this matrix surrounded and contained by the inner membrane.

Detailed explanation-2: -Besides the nucleus, two other organelles-the mitochondrion and the chloroplast-play an especially important role in eukaryotic cells. These specialized structures are enclosed by double membranes, and they are believed to have originated back when all living things on Earth were single-celled organisms.

Detailed explanation-3: -Using molecular dynamics simulations, we show that double membrane formation proceeds via a nucleation and growth process – i.e., after a critical concentration of the small molecules, a patch of double membrane nucleates and grows to cover the entire vesicle.

Detailed explanation-4: -Mitochondria are bounded by a double-membrane system, consisting of inner and outer membranes. Folds of the inner membrane (cristae) extend into the matrix.

Detailed explanation-5: -Plant chloroplasts are large organelles (5 to 10 m long) that, like mitochondria, are bounded by a double membrane called the chloroplast envelope (Figure 10.13). In addition to the inner and outer membranes of the envelope, chloroplasts have a third internal membrane system, called the thylakoid membrane.