AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The outer membrane of the chloroplast envelope, like that of mitochondria, contains porins and is therefore freely permeable to small molecules. In contrast, the inner membrane is impermeable to ions and metabolites, which are therefore able to enter chloroplasts only via specific membrane transporters.

Detailed explanation-2: -Chloroplast Structure Inner membrane-Just inside the outer membrane is the inner membrane which controls which molecules can pass in and out of the chloroplast. The outer membrane, the inner membrane, and the fluid between them make up the chloroplast envelope.

Detailed explanation-3: -Oxygen is a waste product and leaves the chloroplast (and eventually the plant through the stomata) via diffusion. NADPH and ATP leave the thylakoid, entering into the stroma (the liquid interior of the chloroplast) and enter the Calvin cycle.

Detailed explanation-4: -The lipid composition of the outer membrane has been found to be 48% phospholipids, 46% galactolipids and 7% sulfolipids, while the inner membrane has been found to contain 16% phospholipids, 79% galactolipids and 5% sulfolipids in spinach chloroplasts.

Detailed explanation-5: -Plants require carbon dioxide to perform photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide enters the leaf cells through small holes present on the lower side of the leaf called stomata and then reaches the cell’s chloroplast. CO2 moves across the cell membrane through the process of simple diffusion.