AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Asexual reproduction in bryophytes takes place by fragmentation or by the formation of gemma cups. Gemmae are green, multicellular, and asexual buds that are borne on the thalli of the parent. They are enclosed inside gemma cups. These gemmae fall off from the plant body and germinate to give rise to a new plant.

Detailed explanation-2: -Bryophytes reproduce asexually by fragmentation or by gemmae. Gemmae are tiny vegetative “sprouts” that form in special little structures called gemmae cups. Flowers and seeds are not produced by bryophytes. They reproduce sexually by spores and asexually by fragmentation or the production of gemmae.

Detailed explanation-3: -The production of gemmae is a widespread means of asexual reproduction in both liverworts and mosses. In liverworts such as Marchantia, the flattened plant body or thallus is a haploid gametophyte with gemma cups scattered about its upper surface. The gemma cups are cup-like structures containing gemmae.

Detailed explanation-4: -Asexual reproduction s. l. and the formation of asexual diaspores therefore is a remarkable feature and widespread in bryophytes. In nearly no other plant group asexual reproduction is so important than in bryophytes. A great number of bryophyte species, especially dioicous ones, reproduce exclusively asexually.

Detailed explanation-5: -Gemmae, which are asexual buds, are used by Marchantia to reproduce asexually. They develop in containers called gemma cups.