AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Gymnosperms – seed plants with cones Male cones make pollen, which is carried to female cones by the wind. After the female gametes are fertilised by male gametes from the pollen, the female cones produce seeds, which are then scattered away from the plant by wind or animals.

Detailed explanation-2: -Seed Dispersal in Gymnosperms In the typical gymnosperm cone, ripening and drying of cone and seed causes the cone scales to open and release the seeds. Dispersal is by wind, assisted by the presence of seed wings in some genera e.g. Pinus.

Detailed explanation-3: -Most gymnosperms are commonly considered wind-pollinated (anemophilous; Owens et al., 1998).

Detailed explanation-4: -Gymnosperm seeds are not enclosed in an ovary; rather, they are only partially sheltered by modified leaves called sporophylls. You may recall the term strobilus (plural = strobili) describes a tight arrangement of sporophylls around a central stalk, as seen in pine cones.