AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Depending on species or their stage of development, they may resemble small umbrellas, palm trees, or capped mushrooms. These female reproductive structures are called archegonia. The male reproductive structures may resemble a wart or they may have a tall, stalked appearance. These are called antheridia.

Detailed explanation-2: -Most leafy liverworts have antheridia and archegonia on separate plants. The archegonia of the hornworts are completely embedded in the dorsal surface of the thallus, while antheridia are found in chambers near the dorsal surface. Thalli may contain antheridia or archegonia or both.

Detailed explanation-3: -As in all of the early diverging land plant lineages, liverworts have antheridia and archegonia that develop on the gametophyte.

Detailed explanation-4: -archegonium, the female reproductive organ in ferns and mosses. An archegonium also occurs in some gymnosperms, e.g., cycads and conifers. A flask-shaped structure, it consists of a neck, with one or more layers of cells, and a swollen base-the venter-which contains the egg.