AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Ferns, club mosses, horsetails, and whisk ferns are seedless vascular plants that reproduce with spores and are found in moist environments.

Detailed explanation-2: -Cryptogams refer to the plants and fungi that do not reproduce by seeds. Besides these, the cryptogams are also known to reproduce by means of spores. All spore producing plants including mosses and ferns do not reproduce by seeds are hence, known as cryptogams.

Detailed explanation-3: -Ferns, mosses, liverworts and green algae are all plants that have spores.

Detailed explanation-4: -Modern-day seedless vascular plants include club mosses, horsetails, ferns, and whisk ferns.

Detailed explanation-5: -Ferns are considered the most advanced seedless vascular plants and display characteristics commonly observed in seed plants. Ferns form large leaves and branching roots. In contrast, whisk ferns, the psilophytes, lack both roots and leaves, which were probably lost by evolutionary reduction.