AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Answer: The first stage is that of the gametophyte. Spores are produced on the underside of mature plants. These will germinate and grow into small, heart-shaped plants called gametophytes.

Detailed explanation-2: -Spores. Spores are small reproductive structures that are released from the sporangium.

Detailed explanation-3: -In higher plants like ferns and fern allies, the sporophyte stage is dominant. Gametophytes produce gametes (sperm and eggs) in a special structure called a gametangium (-ia), while sporophytes produce spores in a special structure called a sporangium (-ia). Second, all plants need to get water to their cells.

Detailed explanation-4: -As the embryo grows and develops into a mature diploid plant the prothallus dies. This mature plant is called the sporophyte generation since it produces spores. The sporophyte plant is the one most commonly recognized as a fern. The sporophyte then produces new spores as described above.

Detailed explanation-5: -Plants such as ferns and mosses are called nonflowering plants and produce spores instead of seeds. There is also another group called the Fungi, that include mushrooms, and these also reproduce by spores.