AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Bryophytes are non-flowering, non-vascular and seedless plants that are the second most largest group in the Plant Kingdom. They are also known as the amphibians of plant kingdom because they are found in moist, shady areas but are dependent on water for their sexual mode of reproduction.

Detailed explanation-2: -The completion of the bryophyte and pterophyte life cycle requires water because the male gametophyte releases flagellated sperm, which must swim to reach and fertilize the female gamete or egg.

Detailed explanation-3: -Bryophytes are known as amphibians of plant kingdom as they live on land but depend on water for reproduction.

Detailed explanation-4: -All cryptogams (spore-bearing plants), i.e., thallophytes, bryophytes and pteridophytes require water for their fertilisation process. Phanerogams (seed-bearing plants), i.e. gymnosperms and angiosperms on the other hand, do not require water for their fertilisation process.

Detailed explanation-5: -Bryophytes also need a moist environment to reproduce. Their flagellated sperm must swim through water to reach the egg. So mosses and liverworts are restricted to moist habitats.